The first century is obviously 1-100 (and yes, there are coins from it, even dated ones, though naturally those dates are in non-AD calendars).
That means the second century is 101-200, the third is 201-300, and so on, up to the 21st century being 2001-2100.
As for the 2000s, to me this refers to the decade that ended in 2009 (similarly the 1900s were 1900-1909, and so on).
I like DBM's idea, incidentally.