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How/Why did the practice of striking US Commemorative Coins get started?
The first Congressionally-authorized US commemorative coin was the 1892 Columbian Exposition half-dollar. The organizers of the Exposition were in need of funds to support staging the event and approached the US Congress regarding a "souvenir coin" (among other appropriation requests).
The idea was for the Exposition to "buy" genuine
US coins from the Mint at face value (50 cents) and then sell them to fairgoers and souvenir seekers for $1.00 - the profits going to support the Exposition. Congress agreed to direct the Mint to strike up to five (5) million souvenir half dollars with a special Exposition design, and passed a bill to such effect that President Benjamin Harrison signed into law.
This "souvenir coin as a fundraiser" mentality has been a significant driver behind every US commemorative coin that has followed.
Have a question? Post it in the Question & Answer - Introduction & Question List" thread and I'll try to provide an answer.
For other of my posts about commemorative coins and medals, see:
Commems Collection.