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1. Which brand graded holders are viable? (Seems like only PMG & PCGS)
That seems to be the consensus, yes.
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2. Are those graded holders ever counterfeited? (Ohh, a bad word)
This forum has a lot of swear-words you cannot use (most are in the automated swear-word filter so it's impossible to post them), but "counterfeit" is not one of them. Discussion of counterfeits, and how to detect, avoid or report them, is quite commonplace here. As for the more specific question here: yes. Any artifact made by clever humans, can be counterfeited by other humans that are determined and equally clever. And consider: someone with the skill and technology to make a passably good replica of an official government banknote, probably wont have too much trouble making a passably good counterfeit piece of plastic with a hologram in it.
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3. Is e-bay a decent place to buy said graded notes? If no, where?
The core problem with
ebay is that it (currently) has an abysmal reputation in terms of refusing to take down listings of blatantly counterfeit items, simply because the
Counterfeit Detection process has been handed over to an AI and AI is (currently) doing a horrible job of it.
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4. How do you tell what you should be paying for a graded note?
Past auction results are perhaps a good indicator, but it would also do well to check the long-term results, to see if price trends are increasing or decreasing. This of course only works for items that are sufficiently abundant to provide enough data points to plot a price history graph.
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5. Are the graded notes a good investment? Are they generally expected to keep up with inflation, at least?
Banknotes, in my observation, have been more vulnerable to price spikes and sudden collapses than coins. This, combined with their more ephemeral physical nature (they are, after all, only made of easily destructible paper rather than precious metal) makes me want to rate them as "poor investments".
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6. What are some holy grail notes, and some that are desirable, but maybe no holy grail level?
The question seems to be asking what notes can be expected to hold their value. And for me, the answer would be similar to the answer for coins: items that are popular with actual collectors, rather than are high-priced due to an investor-driven hype-train, ought to do better. It's like the difference between blue-chip stocks and penny dreadfuls - good fundamnetals should protect from sudden or permanent price plunges. And banknotes with strong collector appeal are, generally, the ones that look nice, and/or have interesting history. The "Education" series of large size notes, for example; I'd also put Gold Certificates there.
Don't say "infinitely" when you mean "very"; otherwise, you'll have no word left when you want to talk about something really infinite. - C. S. Lewis