It sounds like the OP is at the beginning, so here's a suggestion for where to start. Buy an Offical
Red Book, A Guide Book of U.S. Coins 2012. You can get them at Barnes and Noble or online if no where else. In this book is basic info on mintages of each year of all U.S. coins, basic grading guidelines for each type of coin, and the values for each coin in each of the grades. This resource will provide the most basic knowledge you need to get started, as value is determined by mintage, grade, and the market price. It won't make you an expert by any means, but you will know enough not to get ripped off.