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Post Your Denomination Runs

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Finn235's Avatar
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 Posted 10/03/2016  1:41 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add Finn235 to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
Here is a fun historical set of silver drachms from India, about 80 BC - 700 AD

 Post-Your-Denomination-Runs

 Post-Your-Denomination-Runs

From left to right, top to bottom:

1. Indo-Greek kingdom, Apollodotus II
80-65 BC
Obv: Diademed portrait of Apollodotus II left, legend in Greek: "The great king and savior, father-loving Apollodotus"
Rev: Athena standing left, holding aegis in outstretched left arm, throwing thunder bolt, Kharosthi legend "Apollodotus the savior"

2. Western Satraps, Nahapana
1st century AD
Obv: Crowned bust of Nahapana right, surrounded by Greek character transliteration of Nahapana's titles in Prakrit language
Rev: Thunder bolt and arrow, bi-lingual inscription "Nahapana king and Satrap" in Brahmi and Kharosthi

3. Western Satraps, Viradaman
234-238 AD
Obv: Crowned bust of Viradaman right, Saka date (behind head) and remnants of Greek legend around
Rev: Three-arched hill with river below, crescent above, sun and moon flanking. Brahmi: rajno mahakshatrapasa damasenasaputrasa rajnah kshatrapasa viradamnah (king and great satrap, the son of king Damasena, Satrap Viradaman)

4. Gupta Empire, Kumaragupta I
415-455 AD
Obv: Bust of Kumaragupta right, remnants of Greek legend around
Rev: Garuda (mythical bird) facing, Brahmi legend around: Paramabh#257;gavata Maharajadhiraja Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya

5. Gupta Empire, Skandagupta
455-467
Obv: Bust of Skandagupta right
Rev: Fire altar, Brahmi legend off flan

6. Maitraka dynasty, Anonymous
Ca. 475-767
Obv: Bust right in degraded Western Satrap style
Rev: Trident surrounded by Brahmi legend, listing Bhatarka as the founder
Note: low grade billon

7. Maitraka dynasty, Anonymous
Ca. 475-767
Obv: Bust right in Gupta Madhyadesa style
Rev: Trident surrounded by Brahmi legend, listing Bhatarka as the founder
Note: Low grade billon or copper

So, the skinny on the history:

The Greeks came into India during Alexander the Great's campaigns in 326-325 BC. He was forced to turn back due to heavy resistance, the monsoon season, and battle-weary troops. He left a massive power gap when he pulled back, allowing the Maurya empire to unite the subcontinent against further expansion. The Maurya empire became weak, and fractured in 185 BC. This cleared the way for a breakaway Greek kingdom in Bactria to invade under Apollodotus I in 180 BC. The Indo-Greek kingdom flourished under Apollodotus II, but the arrival of the Yuezhi (forefathers of the Kushans, driven out of China by the Xiongnu huns) coupled with invasions of Scythians from the Caspian sea region caused the collapse of this empire.

The Scythians were able to penetrate to the Gujarat region, where they established a kingdom under the rule of the "Western Satraps". Warfare with the Kushans pushed the northern Scythians back out of the Pakistan region, but the Western Satraps were able to hold their own throughout classical antiquity. Nahapana was one of the first truly great Western Satraps, and introduced silver coins based on the Indo-Greek drachma. His ambitions led to war with the Satavahana empire in central India, and Nahapana was killed. A second line of Scythian rulers re-captured the area in 130 AD, and enjoyed nearly 300 years of rule in the area.

The Western Satraps were finally toppled in c. 395 AD when Rudrasimha III was assasinated by the Gupta king Chandragupta II, who was apparently disguised as his own wife and presented as spoils to begin peace negotiations. The Gupta Empire enjoyed a brief period of wealth and prosperity, but was faced with invasions from Hunnic populations in the late 5th century, and collapsed in 550 AD. Amid the chaos, a feudatory state centered at Vallabhy came under the rule of the Maitraka dynasty, who were generals under the Guptas. This dynasty faded into obscurity by 767, and the silver drachm of Greek standard came to an end in India.

Oh, and the best part is, all of these coins together cost less than $100!
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Finn235's Avatar
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 Posted 10/03/2016  5:13 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add Finn235 to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
Thanks

The history aspect of these ancient coins is addictive! I am particularly fascinated by the aspect of coinage as evidence of cultural diffusion in the heart of the Silk road... some amazingly cool coins to be had very, very cheap compared to US Classics or hammered English pennies!

Before we get too off topic here... I am still waiting to hear about that kopek from January!
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 Posted 10/04/2016  4:38 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add january1may to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply

Quote:
Before we get too off topic here... I am still waiting to hear about that kopek from January!
Sorry, you won't get a better photo until at least the weekend - I was using a smartphone to make my last few photos, and my mother took it on a camping trip this week.

But you were actually a lot closer with your idea than even my "much warmer" comment would indicate.
Check your figures carefully (you were a bit off) and think of what it means.

(I'll give a "hint": the letters are CH. That's all the legend on this side; all the other dots really are dots [well, mostly lines, technically].
The legend on the other side is a lot longer, but not important to the record, and very little of it shows up on this example anyway.)
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 Posted 10/04/2016  5:16 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add Finn235 to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
Found your individual pic in the 28 weeks thread where you gave the date on a 1605 kopek as 7113 AM. That would put this one in the 7210-7200 range?

Can't find much online, but with numbers that high... maybe the calendar starts with the calculated date of creation? In western schools, that would be 4,004 BC, so maybe it is going with the 5,500 BC figure?
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 Posted 10/04/2016  6:21 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add january1may to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply

Quote:
Can't find much online, but with numbers that high... maybe the calendar starts with the calculated date of creation? In western schools, that would be 4,004 BC, so maybe it is going with the 5,500 BC figure?

It does, and 5508 BC specifically. (Indeed, 7113-1605=5508.)

I repeat - to the best of my knowledge, this is a record over the entirety of numismatics. You almost got it.

EDIT: the pre-1700 dated kopeks of Peter I are not very common, which is why you might have trouble finding stuff online.
Actually, this particular date is even less common than the others - can you figure out why?
Edited by january1may
10/04/2016 6:23 pm
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 Posted 10/04/2016  9:10 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add Finn235 to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
Highest numerical date in any dating scheme on a coin?

Last use of that calendar system on a coin?

Last use of Greek numerals to denote a date?

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 Posted 10/05/2016  06:47 am  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add january1may to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply

Quote:
Highest numerical date in any dating scheme on a coin?

Bingo! As far as I can tell, the date on this coin (specifically, 7208, though they didn't actually mention the thousands) is the higher non-error numerical date ever mentioned on any coin ever.
When errors are included, some coins ended up with a higher number in the date position (most recently, I believe, the 7971 dated coin of Hungary).

I don't know whether anyone else made coins dated in Greek after that (and it wasn't really Greek anyway, technically, though probably close enough).
Of course, the system used for dates on Israeli coins today is of the same origin as the Greek system (to the best of my knowledge, they also hold the record for the highest numerical date printed in full, 5776, though that is likely to change soon because the series is ongoing and it's already 5777).
And the specific calendar was only very briefly used on coins, anyway (at least, I'm not aware of anyone other than the Russians using it, and the Russians didn't make any coins with it until 7104 aka 1596 AD).

I've actually posted about that record before, but I didn't know about this coin then, so the figure I gave was 7207.

Incidentally, can you figure out why it's less common than the other nearby years? I've probably explained enough for you to guess correctly.
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 Posted 10/05/2016  10:33 am  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add Finn235 to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
The Ruble was reformed in 1700, so I am guessing that these probably had limited mintage, or else were melted to make silver coins?
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 Posted 10/05/2016  12:17 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add Finn235 to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
Here is a snapshot of my current pet project:

Post-Your-Denomination-Runs

 Post-Your-Denomination-Runs

Similarly long to the drachm run I posted above, but one of the largest and most mysterious gaps in our knowledge of medieval Indian numismatics. Collectively, most of these are known as either Indo-Sassanian drachms, or "Gadhaiya Paisa" which is a misnomer because they were probably worth much more than a paisa, and the aim of my pet project is to show that they were introduced by the Huns, not the Ghardabhiya dynasty, as was assumed nearly a century ago when the West became aware of these coins. At any rate, these are all silver of varying fineness, and weigh between about 3.7g and 4.3g so it is safe to assume these constitute a straight denomination run, spanning the years 469 to ca. 1300.

To sum up a very complex history, the Sassanian (they were the Persian dynasty that Muhammad overthrew) emperor Peroz I went to war in 469, hiring a legion of Hepthalite huns to act as his mercenaries. They betrayed him and sacked one of his cities, so he went to war with them. He lost a battle and was unable to retreat, so he was taken hostage and forced to pay millions of silver coins to ransom his release. He attempted to launch a revenge campaign in 484, but was killed in battle and the Sassanian empire barely survived the subsequent invasion from the Hepthalites.

This surge of silver drachms led to their establishment as the de facto trade currency of the Silk road, which was now under Hunnic control. Peroz's coins eventually became worn out, so the Huns started making their own imitations. The southern branch of the Huns (remember, they had just toppled the Gupta empire) used these coins, so the emerging kingdoms of central India naturally adopted the designs with their own flair. These coins are all anonymous and anepigraphic, but some Ph.D level research into hoard finds have postulated that these were made by the Chavdas  (Gujarat area, c. 690-942), Chaulukyas (Gujarat and central India, c. 950-1189), Vaghela (Gujarat, 1243-1299),  Silaharas  (Goa region, c. 1200-1300), and finally the Omkara monastery (Malwa, 1200- after 1300). Each successive dynasty played "telephone" with the design until it became utterly unrecognizable.

All coins feature:

Obverse: Bust of king right wearing wide brimmed, winged hat topped with ornament. Prominent ribbons at left and right, shoulders seen below

Reverse: Zoroastrian fire altar flanked by necklaced female attendants, moon and sun above

So, left to right, top to bottom:

1. Official Peroz drachm, later style (probably near the time of the ransom)
2-3. Hunnic imitations
4-6. "Chavda" type
7-9. "Bent head" type (unknown attribution... the Alchon hun nobility practiced cranial deformation as attested on their coins, so this was probably inspired by those. Note also the distinctive line through the eye to mimic an Asian eye shape)
10-12. "Gadhaiya paisa" type
13. "Vaghela" type
14. "Malwa" or "Ja" type, probably related to 15
15. "Omkara" type, base of fire altar has been replaced with legend "Sri Omkara". Hypothesized to be minted for use at the Omkara monastery as an offering.
16. "Silahara" or "Horseman" type, reverse depicts cavalry rider attacking two foot soldiers
17. Base copper type, related to 15, but reverse just has a stylized "OM"

As the coins get smaller, they get thicker, so the overall mass is preserved. The design gets more chunky and dotted, which some theories is the result of over-engineering these coins to be able to stand up to hundreds of years of continual use. Silver purity does decline, but not significantly until coin 13 in this picture. Apparently, these coins were so Culturally entrenched in the region, that as late as the 1960s small village bazaars would accept them as currency.

This is just a teeny tiny snapshot of my larger collection of these, which I hope to use to clear up some uncertainties about exactly how these coins relate to one another. Check the Ancients board in about a month when I am done with the write-up!
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 Posted 10/05/2016  1:09 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add january1may to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
Wonderful series, Finn235!


Quote:
The Ruble was reformed in 1700, so I am guessing that these probably had limited mintage, or else were melted to make silver coins?
Perhaps the former, probably not the latter (silver wire kopeks were made for almost two decades more, in even bigger quantities, and in fact I have a few of those - I just couldn't find one of those quickly for the photo).

There is, however, a very obvious reason for why the 7208 dated kopek in particular has an even smaller mintage than, say, the 7207.
(Hint: it does have to do with a reform, but not exactly the one you seem to be describing.
Hint 2: the list shows the date for this kopek as "1700?" with a question mark. Why would I do that if I know the year?)
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 Posted 10/05/2016  2:21 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add jbuck to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
Very nice run, Finn! The additional historical perspective is appreciated.
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 Posted 10/18/2016  12:10 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add Finn235 to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
Here's a fun run that may be a bit more familiar to our members here

Panama 2 1/2 centesimos

Post-Your-Denomination-Runs

Post-Your-Denomination-Runs

The 2 1/2 cent coin seems a bit strange to us in the US, but it was actually critical to help ease the transition from the Real to a decimalized system. Since each real was 0.125 Dollars, one would need a 2 1/2 cent coin and a dime to exchange for individual Reales.

The US helped Panama win its independence in 1903, and helped manage its currency in exchange for the rights to build the Canal. The Balboa was introduced in 1903, and pegged to the US Dollar, although it briefly contained twice the silver amount, which was the fair market value at the time. It was eventually adjusted so that Philadelphia simply struck the coins on the same planchet, except for the 2 1/2 centesimo coin which had no parallel.

From left to right:

1. 1904 "panama pill". The smallest coin minted at a US mint, containing a Half Dime worth of silver in a 10mm coin. Single year type with a mintage of only 400,000!

2. 1907 minted on a US nickel planchet. Produced in 1907 and 1916, plus 7 specimen coins in 1918. Mintage 800,000

3. 1929, old head type. Single year type with mintage 1,000,000.

4. 1940, helmeted bust type. Single year type minted to accompany the 1 1/4 centesimo coin. Minted specifically to allow impoverished families to buy one item from the "2 for 5 cents" bin at the grocery store without losing half a cent. Single year type, mintage 1,200,000

5. 1973 FAO special issue. Not sure if this is a circulating or NIFC issue. Minted in 1973 and 1975, mintage 2 million and 1 million respectively.

I don't have an example, but between 1975-1982 there was a 10mm 2 1/2 centesimo minted for proof sets and featuring Victoriano Lorenzo.
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 Posted 10/18/2016  1:29 pm  Show Profile   Bookmark this reply Add Gallienus to your friends list Get a Link to this Reply
I liked the history on the Panama 2& 1/2 cents. Where did you read this? very interesting.
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