Coins Of India-Amirs And Sultans Sindh

Thank you Finn235 for your post. You are right in that these Qandhari dirhams actually were one fifth of the actual legal dirham. I have not struck any information on why this nomenclature. Those days, right to strike coins must have been granted to the Abbasid Amirs from the Caliphate. It is my impression that this grant was limited to copper and silver upto one fifth of actual dirham. Because this was prevalent extensively during the Abbasid Amirs' period,Habbarids and later rulers must have followed suite just like Bull and Horseman jitals by the Ghaznavis and Mamluks of Delhi.

Regarding the pre-Islamic Sindh coins, I am still a toddler.

After the Habbarid Amirs, Sindh passed on to the hands of the Ghaznavi rulers. Their coins have been posted in another thread,
http://goccf.com/t/315851.

When Ghaznavi rule fell to Muhammad bin Sam from Ghur, Sindh also went under their power. Then came the Sindh Sultans.

History of Sind sultans

1. Nasir ud din Qubacha (1206-1228.AD)
Nasir ud din Qubacha who was made Governor of a province to north of Sindh by Muhammad bin Sam after his conquest of the Ghaznavid ruler. When Muhammad died, Qubacha became the master. After death of Qutb ud din Aibak, he threw off allegiance to Delhi and invaded South-wards to annex Sindh. Subsequently he lost Lahore to Iltutmish. By around 1220.AD, Jalal ud din Mangubarni carved out a kingdom. He attacked Qubacha and later, fled to Persia in 1224. Four years later, Iltutmish attacked Qubacha who fled for life, but drowned in the river Indus near Bhakkar.
2. Jalal ud din Mingburnu /Mangubarni (1220-1224.AD)
Jalal ud din who fled from Kwarezm when his father lost the empire came to settle in Lahore. He then moved to the south and formed a kingdom of his own. With help from local tribes, he attacked Qubacha and obtained a large booty that he took along when he fled to Persia.
3. Khalif Beg (1224.AD)
Khalif who is believed to be an officer with Mingburnu tried to hold on but in vain.
4. Saif ud din Hasan Qurlugh (1239-1249.AD)
He was an officer under Jalal ud din Mingburnu. He remained in Ghazna when his master fled to the west. He waited until a chance befell him in the form of political turmoil when Sultana Razia was in power in Delhi. He secured Sindh for his territory and ruled until 1249. He ambitious to capture Multan and died in his attempt to do so in 1249.
5. Nasir ud din Muhammad Qurlugh (1249-1259.AD)
He succeeded his father and held Sind until 1259. After this period, Jams (Summas), local tribes and Delhi rulers held Sindh whenever they had a military upper hand. Jams at times were tributaries to Delhi and sometimes independent. Until at last, Akbar the Great annexed Sindh to his empire.

Most of these coins have been posted in the "Bull and Horseman" thread.

Nasir ud din Qubacha

Another type of Qubacha coin

Here is a variant to the above coin where the reverse legend can be read. Please note on this one that the curved line forming the front of the head of the bull is long so that it keeps the letters "Ja" and "la" on its either side.

Saif ud din Hasan Qurlugh



This coin is ref.no.SS-013 of Goron and Goenka.
Obv: recumbent bull facing left, "Sri Hasan Kurlaka" in corrupt Nagari above.
Rev: Horseman facing right.