This is a 500 ruble treasury note issued in May 1919 by the Provisional All-Russian Government, also known as the Russian State (I'm not sure which name is more appropriate) - which is to say, the White government of Alexander Kolchak in Omsk, Siberia during the Russial Civil War.
It is said to be "short-term" - that is, for a term of one year, until May 1920; as it turned out, by May 1920, the Provisional All-Russian Government was no longer extant. So the notes of that particular issue were probably never paid out.
As usual, the Banknote Museum has an example, and gives the catalog number as Pick S858(2).
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