Three Eastern Silver Coins - Identification Needed (Id: Medieval Sultanate Of Delhi And Artuqids)

OK, I've got my books with me now. Both of the "copper" coins are indeed "Indian", from the Sultanate of Delhi, an Islamic state in what is now northern India during the Middle Ages. They're both made of billon (base-silver, about .075 fine silver) and the denomination of both is 2 gani. They should weigh about 3.5 to 3.6 grams.

The one on the right has the very distinctive name "Balban" inside the circle; this type of coin was issued by Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Balban of the Delhhi sultanate, sometime between 1266 and 1287 AD; the coin is undated. The catalogue reference number in this book is D165. It's rated as "very common". One of several examples on Zeno.ru.

The one on the left has the name "Muhammad Shah" within the circles, and dates from the reign of Ala al-Din Muhammad, who reigned from 1296 to 1316 AD. This coin should have a date, but unfortunately the date on your coin appears to be "off the flan". Catalogue reference number D223, also rated "very common". Example on Zeno.ru.

Well, they were issued roughly between 622 and 659 Islamic Era, corresponding to 1225 to 1260 AD, so that puts it towards the end of the Crusader period. These were of course struck by their Islamic opponents rather than the Crusaders themselves.

By this time, the Crusader states had been reduced to a thin strip of coast in what is now Lebanon and Israel; Jerusalem had been recaptured by the Muslims in 1187 and by 1300 all the mainland Crusader states had been wiped out.