This sort of thing is typically placed on the back of notes.
Let's start by getting the current U.S. note of this genre out of the way -

Here's a Philippines 2 Pesos -

(Magellan's Landing in the Philippines, where he died in 1521)
This motif seems to be especially favored by Latin American countries.
Chile ½, 1, & 5 Escudo -

(Arrival of the Spanish in Chile)

(Founding of Santiago)

(Battle of Rancagua, 1814 - see: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rancagua)
Brazil 5 Cruzeiros -

(Conquest of the Amazons)
Venezuela 1,000 Boliviares -

Argebtina 100 Pesos -

(General San Martin, see: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_de_San_Martín)
Honduras 5 Lempiras -

(See: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Morazán)
The Costa Rica 5 Colones is a particularly colorful example -