National Banknotes Basic Questions

I collect coins ( Morgan dollars) but have always been curious about this area of numismatics. I have some basic questions about these items.
1) From what year to what year were these issued?
2) What did a bank/institution have to do to get these authorized?
3) If a bank wanted to issue $200,000 in banknotes (an example) did they have to send a like amount of Federal banknotes somewhere?
4) Who made the actual notes? The BEP? Private companies?
5) Are they still legal tender, and if not, when did they lose their recognition?
6) Let's say it's 1883, I live in Des Moines, and I travel to Chicago on business. Will my 1st National Bank of Des Moines banknotes be accepted in the Windy City? Could I use them at Mrs. O'Leary's milk bar, or do I have to exchange my notes at a bank first? How were the individual notes identified as authentic. Did the banks have a book with illustrations perhaps?
7) Why were these created in the first place? Was there a lack of Federal notes?
8) If the issuing bank went "belly up," were the notes then worthless?
9) Who designed them?

I know that's a lot to address. Appreciate any response.