Transnational Organized Crime

it's been around for a long time: heroin & cocaine are mostly produced in a few places (Asia; South America) and then transported elsewhere (North America; Europe; Australia) for sale. Organized criminals produce, transport, distribute, and sell these commodities, and move cash in payment. National boundaries are challenges for them, rather than limits.

In Australia, we had our eyes opened in the 1970s by the discovery of the "Mister Asia" syndicate, which imported heroin and cannabis. The network's major impediment was the boss's habit of re-cycling his staff, which made the others nervous, and ultimately proved counter-productive.

T.O.C. is not limited to drugs and money-laundering, but they are good examples.

Peter in Oz