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How do I tell if the coins that I have are effects from heat, chemicals or any thing else.
As a very general rule:
Heat as from a fire or blowtorch will likely cause deformities - on clad coins, this is usually manifested as large lumps and bumps, when a large blister forms between the clad layers and swells up like a balloon. Depending on the source of heat, the formation of a thick black oxide layer on the coin's surface is the most likely colour change.
Chemicals can do various things to coins, depending on the nature of the chemical and how it reacts with the coinage metal. This can include staining, corrosion, pitting, and (in the case of corrosive acids) a "shrinking" of the coin in terms of diameter, thickness, and weight.
If I had to guess as to how this specific coin has turned black like this, my suspicion would be chemical. Leaving a quarter in chlorinated water such as a swimming pool or public fountain for a month or more is likely to make it turn black or dark grey.
Don't say "infinitely" when you mean "very"; otherwise, you'll have no word left when you want to talk about something really infinite. - C. S. Lewis