Sumatra Vs. Netherlands East Indies

There was a revolt and an independent Sultanate on Sumatra, and of course the British Sumatra coinage from their brief periods of ownership.

The Singapore tokens should be catalogued under Singapore and Straits Settlements, they were in use throughout SE Asia, including the Indies. Ideally, an entirely new nomenclature should be used, which is 'British East Indies', including all the Straits, Singapore, Malaya, Sumatra, Kuching, Labuan, all of them.

I looked at the mints for the coins on numismaster.com. The listed mints were: Amsterdam, Utrecht, Surabaya (city on Java), Sourabaya (possibly a typo for Sourabaya, but listed for several types), and "(o)".

If the mints are correct that doesn't look like coins issued by a Sultanate fighting the Dutch.

Prior to 1795, the Netherlands was known as the "Dutch Republic", a fairly loose confederation of seven provinces. "Loose" in numismatic terms because each province was allowed to commission its own separate coinage, though the coins were interchangeable within the Republic (much like the coins of the modern European Union). Thus, there was no "unified Dutch coinage" prior to 1795.

Coins of the VOC (Dutch United East India Company) were issued in the name of the Company, which was structurally separate from the federal and provincial governments of the Netherlands, though the issuing mints of the coins placed their provincial coats of arms on the reverses. Some Sultanates under Company "Protection" issued coinages in their own name.

The old Republic was terminated by popular revolt with the support of French revolutionary troops, who founded the unitary (non-Federal) Batavian Republic and nationalized the Company; Company territory became colonies of the Batavian Republic.

The Netherlands became the "Kingdom of Holland" when Napoleon unilaterally appointed his brother Louis to be their king. This "Holland" is different to the old Province of Holland, as it incorporated all seven provinces. The remaining Asian territories were now nominally colonies of the Kingdom, though most had been annexed by the British by this time; I believe only the coins of Java bear the Napoleonic monogram.

In 1810, Napoleon of France got fed up with his brother's recalcitrance (much to everyone's surprise, King Louis refused to be his brother's minion and insisted that his country was actually independent) and formally annexed the Netherlands to France. By this time, the French navy had virtually ceased to exist and Britain effectively controlled all the former Dutch and French colonies.

After Napoleon's defeat, the Netherlands was reconstituted as a Kingdom and unified with the old Austrian Netherlands (mostly modern-day Belgium), with the house of Orange (who had been the hereditary Staadtholders of the old Republic) proclaimed the new kings; apart from the secession of Belgium and the Nazi occupation, the situation has remained the same up to today. Many of the former colonies were restored to them, including the Netherlands East Indies.