1. If the affected area is on the outside/inside edges of the devices, it is
Machine Doubling.

2. Die wear also appears on the outside edges of devices towards the directions of the closest rims.

Note how the devices literally moves to rim location as the die ages?
3. MD is created on the coins images because of the reduction of the contour was removed on that area.

Note the affected areas don't have the contour on that edge of the coin. What is contour:
4. A doubled die is from a die that was not created correctly. It has s doubled set of devices from the hub that enlarges the centers of the devices. So a doubled die is created. It is a die issue. It is not a striking issue.

Note how the doubled dies devices are wider/taller in size than the normal coin?


5. You can have
Machine Doubling on a doubled die, and you can have
Machine Doubling on a normal die. The same strike issue will create this.
But Machine Doubling never creates a doubled die. Thus the term doubled die is a coin struck with a doubled die coin. It can have
Machine Doubling, but
Machine Doubling never creates a doubled die.

Note on this example, the
Machine Doubling is on a normal die, but all in the same direction across the coin.
Machine Doubling can be in any direction though when the machine becomes loose. It does what ever it wants, it a machine that is not controlled because of the looseness of the strike.
6.
Machine Doubling can vary from strike to strike.
Machine Doubling can vary also on doubled dies struck with
Machine Doubling. A normal die with the same markers are present, but the MD can be different from strike to strike.

7. A doubled die with with
Machine Doubling. Note that the hub doubling is always the same, but the
Machine Doubling will vary from strike to strike:
CoopHome:
Contour, what is it? Machine Doubling on normal and doubled dies, what is the differences? Machine Doubling never creates a doubled die, Why?